基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.     

基于UPLC-QTOF/MS的小麦发芽代谢组学分析方法

为探究不同提取方法对发芽小麦代谢物提取效果的影响,本研究建立了基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF/MS)的发芽小麦非靶向代谢组学样品前处理方法和分析方法,以发芽2 d周麦26籽粒为材料,设计提取溶剂、提取方式、提取时间3个因素在3个水平上L9(34)正交试验,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析确定提取效果最佳的组合。以80%乙腈(0.1%甲酸)震摇提取30 min可检测出1609个代谢峰,说明提取溶剂对代谢物提取效果起主要作用。共鉴定出92种小麦代谢物。     

微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

黄淮海麦区水资源短缺,探明畦灌和微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率调节的差异,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2016—2018年冬小麦生长季,设置畦灌和微喷补灌两处理,研究其对麦田0～40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水率,及冬小麦各生育阶段棵间蒸发量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明微喷补灌处理与畦灌处理相比, 0～20 cm土层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水率增加;冬小麦返青后春季分蘖明显减少,返青至拔节期的棵间蒸发量和蒸腾量及全生育期总耗水量均显著减少;籽粒产量无明显变化,但水分利用效率显著提高,说明微喷补灌可以改善麦田土壤物理性状,优化冬小麦群体结构,通过减少棵间蒸发和植株无效蒸腾降低麦田耗水量,从而在维持高产水平的同时提高水分利用效率。     

彩色小麦近等基因系籽粒中氨基酸含量的比较分析

氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位,是人体必需的重要营养物质。彩色小麦被认为是一类新型的营养保健小麦品种,但对其籽粒中氨基酸含量的研究很少。本研究首次利用高效液相色谱法比较分析了种植于三个环境中的彩色小麦近等基因系(蓝粒小麦科兴611,紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦轮回亲本济麦22)籽粒中多种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,蓝粒小麦科兴611的必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量均显著地高于紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒亲本济麦22。紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦济麦22相比,必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量相近,甚至低于济麦22。因此,蓝粒小麦籽粒氨基酸含量高的性状,有益于满足人类营养需求,同时可作为育种材料改良小麦品种的氨基酸含量,尤其是提高限制性氨基酸的含量,进而提高小麦的营养品质。     

2016—2018年度国家区试小麦品种品质性状灰色关联度分析与评价

为研究近年来参试小麦品系品质状况并筛选优质品种,对2016—2018年参加国家冬麦区黄淮南片水地组品种区域试验的20个小麦新品系的5个性状进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明,各指标与品质综合评价值的关联度(r_i)和权重(r_j)2年均表现为容重>湿面筋含量/吸水率>蛋白质含量>稳定时间。2017年5个品种综合评价值高于对照,2018年10个品种综合评价值高于对照。‘郑科麦136’连续2年综合评价值列首位。无论是否考虑各指标对品质影响的权重,‘漯麦26’品质2年间差异最小。灰色关联度分析法在品质性状评价中具有一定的科学性,但受评价指标较少、各指标赋权合理性的影响,有一些局限性。在品种应用时应根据最终用途进行细化评价,不同类型的品质参数应分别做灰色关联度分析,以保证分析结果准确。     

山西省近二十年审定小麦品种的农艺和品质性状变化

为研究近20年来山西省审定小麦品种的农艺性状和品质性状的演变情况，以1997－2018年山西省审定的175个小麦品种为研究对象，总结分析其农艺性状和品质指标的演化规律。结果表明，山西省近20年来审定品种产量水平呈显著上升趋势；株高呈下降趋势，但中部冬麦区水地审定品种株高过高，有倒伏风险；产量三因素中，穗粒数稳步提升，南部中熟冬麦区品种的穗粒数均高于中部晚熟冬麦区品种，千粒重变化不明显，但“十三五”时期审定的旱地品种千粒重下降明显，单位面积穗数呈显著上升趋势。山西省近年来审定品种品质性状没有显著变化，籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间均没有显著提高。山西省今后一段时间的育种目标仍然是品质与产量的协同提高，水地品种应在保证穗数和粒重的基础上加强穗粒数的选择，旱地品种应注重穗粒数和粒重的选择。     

Effects of main cereal type and feed form on production performance,egg quality and egg sanitary indices of laying hens

ABSTRACT

1. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal types (maize or wheat) and feed forms (pelleted or mash feed) on production performance, egg quality and egg sanitary indices in laying hens.

2. Three hundred and sixty hens (Jinghong No. 1) at 18 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four treatments with six replicates of 15 hens per replicate according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with two cereal types (maize or wheat) and two feed forms (pelleted or mash feed).

3. Compared with the wheat-based diet, the maize-based diet improved (P < 0.05) average egg weight of laying hens. Yolk colour of hens fed with the maize-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to those fed the wheat-based diet, while Haugh units were lower (P < 0.05) for the maize-based treatment. Egg mass and average daily feed intake of hens fed the pelleted diet were higher (P < 0.05) than of those fed the mash diet. However, the mash diet improved (P < 0.05) yolk colour compared with the pelleted diet. The percentage of dirty eggs for the wheat-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) than for the maize-based diet. The percentage of dirty eggs was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the pelleted diet compared with those fed the mash diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between cereal type and feed form, with regard to average egg weight and shell thickness.

4. In conclusion, dietary cereal type affected average egg weight, yolk colour and Haugh units in eggs, while feed form influenced egg mass, average daily feed intake and yolk colour.     

小麦秸秆还田条件下钾肥减量对水稻产量及养分利用的影响

利用长江中下游稻麦轮作定位试验，研究小麦秸秆还田条件下，钾肥减量施用对土壤钾素含量、水稻产量和钾素累积量以及钾肥利用率的影响，为小麦秸秆还田后水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。试验共设5个处理，分别为：秸秆还田+配方施肥（K_100%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量10%（K_90%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量20%（K_80%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量30%（K_70%），秸秆还田+配方施肥不施钾肥（K₀）。采集3年水稻不同生育期植株和土壤样品，分析土壤钾素动态变化和水稻钾素吸收富集规律，并统计水稻产量和经济效益。3年试验结果表明，与K_100%相比，K_90%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别提高了3.13%和6.38%，水稻钾素总累积量和净累积量平均提高1.55%和5.13%，水稻平均增产2.19%；K_80%和K_70%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别平均减少12.58%~15.31%和4.26%~10.64%，水稻钾素总累积量平均减少了7.49%~13.62%，水稻净累积量平均增加了0.48%~1.78%，K_80%处理的水稻产量平均增加2.32%，而K_70%处理的水稻产量则平均降低了6.43%。与K_100%相比，钾肥减量（K_90%、K_80%、K_70%）能够显著增加水稻钾肥农学效率（15.51%~24.53%）、偏生产力（17.96%~25.40%）和钾素吸收利用率（17.53%~55.36%）（P<0.05）。当钾肥减量大于20%时，经济效益呈下降趋势。小麦秸秆还田条件下，与配方施肥相比（K_100%），钾肥减量10%对土壤速效钾含量影响不显著，但能够提高水稻钾素累积量；钾肥减量20%~30%会降低土壤速效钾含量以及水稻钾素累积量，提高水稻钾素净累积量；钾肥减量10%~20%对水稻产量影响不显著，但可以增加钾肥农学效率、偏生产力和钾肥吸收利用率及经济效益。     

填闲作物腐解过程及其对后茬冬小麦产量的影响

研究了渭北旱塬地区不同填闲作物（长武怀豆（S）、黑麦草（R）及两者1∶1混合（M））翻压和氮肥水平（0、60、120 kg N·hm^-2）双因素处理下，填闲作物的腐解规律、碳氮释放动态及对后茬冬小麦产量的影响，并对腐解速率与Olsen模型进行了拟合。结果表明：各填闲作物翻压后腐解规律及碳氮释放特征均表现为“前期快-中期慢-后期加快”，填闲作物腐解规律符合Olsen模型，在第276天各处理累积腐解率均达70%以上。在第0~35天，同一施氮处理下，累积腐解率和腐解速率均表现为S>M>R（P<0.05）；第35天，S、M和R各处理干物质累积腐解率分别达到61.9%、55.5%和47.5%；在0~35 d，施氮对S、M的腐解影响不显著，对R影响显著，35 d后氮肥效应逐渐减弱；填闲作物的腐解同时伴随其碳、氮的快速释放，在第21天，S、M和R碳氮残留率分别达到40%、50%和60%左右。平均来看，S的碳氮释放速率显著高于R，与M无显著差异。与裸地对照相比，翻压填闲作物能够显著提高后茬冬小麦产量，其籽粒产量增加10%~35% （P<0.05），其中翻压长武怀豆低氮处理和混合翻压低氮处理效果最佳。